PAPITO Arts & Literature · Art
100 artworks that shaped the world.
From cave paintings to installations: works widely considered influential, with the story behind each, its movement, where to see it and an easy way to explore it with your kids. Plus a guide to art mediums.
Listed in time order, not ranked. Influence is a matter of judgment, and any list leaves out great work. Entries with nudity, violence or explicit lyrics carry a heads-up for parents. Images open on Wikipedia and Google Arts & Culture, where museums share them.

Showing 100 of 100
Prehistoric (Upper Paleolithic) cave art
Lascaux cave paintings
Unknown Paleolithic artists · c. 17,000 BCE
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What it is: Hundreds of horses, bulls, deer and other animals painted and engraved on cave walls with mineral pigments.
Why it matters: Among the oldest surviving paintings, discovered in 1940 by teenagers. They show people made art long before writing.
Where to see it: Lascaux, France (original closed; full-size replica at Lascaux IV)
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Tape paper under a table, lie on your backs and draw animals by flashlight like the first artists.
Paleolithic sculpture
Venus of Willendorf
Unknown · c. 28,000–25,000 BCE
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What it is: A small limestone figure of a woman, about 11 cm tall.
Why it matters: One of the best-known early sculptures of the human body, possibly a symbol of fertility or abundance.
Where to see it: Natural History Museum, Vienna
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Shape a tiny figure from clay and talk about why people might have carried small objects with them.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
Ancient Egyptian (Amarna period)
Bust of Nefertiti
Workshop of Thutmose · c. 1345 BCE
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What it is: A painted limestone portrait of the Egyptian queen Nefertiti.
Why it matters: An icon of ancient beauty and craftsmanship, found in a sculptor’s workshop in 1912.
Where to see it: Neues Museum, Berlin
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw each other in profile, then talk about what a portrait says about a person.
Ancient Egyptian (New Kingdom)
Gold mask of Tutankhamun
Ancient Egyptian artisans · c. 1323 BCE
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What it is: A gold funerary mask inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, made for the young pharaoh.
Why it matters: Found in 1925 after the 1922 discovery of his nearly intact tomb, it sparked worldwide fascination with ancient Egypt.
Where to see it: Egypt
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a paper mask decorated with symbols that represent your family.
Qin dynasty funerary sculpture
Terracotta Army
Artisans of the Qin dynasty · c. 210 BCE
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What it is: Thousands of life-size clay soldiers, horses and chariots buried with China’s first emperor.
Why it matters: Discovered by farmers digging a well in 1974; no two faces are exactly alike.
Where to see it: Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, Xi’an, China
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a small clay figure each and give it a unique face. Talk about why no two soldiers were the same.
Classical Greek
Parthenon sculptures
Workshop of Phidias · 447–432 BCE
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What it is: Marble friezes and figures that decorated the Parthenon temple in Athens.
Why it matters: High points of classical Greek sculpture. Where they belong is debated today between Greece and the United Kingdom.
Where to see it: British Museum, London, and Acropolis Museum, Athens
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw a long frieze of your family doing something together, like a parade across the page.
Classical Greek
Discobolus (The Discus Thrower)
Myron (original); Roman copies · c. 460–450 BCE
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What it is: An athlete caught at the instant before throwing a discus.
Why it matters: Captured motion and balance in a way earlier sculpture hadn’t.
Where to see it: Original bronze lost; Roman marble copies in Rome and London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Freeze in a sports pose and take turns sketching each other mid-action.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
Hellenistic Greek
Venus de Milo
Attributed to Alexandros of Antioch · c. 150–125 BCE
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What it is: A marble statue of a goddess, missing her arms since its discovery in 1820.
Why it matters: One of the most famous ancient sculptures. No one knows for sure what her arms were doing.
Where to see it: Louvre, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Guess what the missing arms were doing, then draw your version.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
Hellenistic Greek
Winged Victory of Samothrace
Unknown · c. 200–190 BCE
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What it is: A marble goddess of victory landing on the prow of a ship, her robes blown by wind.
Why it matters: Famous for showing wind and movement in stone.
Where to see it: Louvre, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Stand in front of a fan with a sheet and see how fabric moves, then draw it.
Hellenistic / Roman
Laocoön and His Sons
Agesander, Athenodoros and Polydorus · c. 1st century BCE–1st century CE
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What it is: A priest and his sons struggling against sea serpents.
Why it matters: Its rediscovery in Rome in 1506 deeply influenced Renaissance artists like Michelangelo.
Where to see it: Vatican Museums, Rome
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Talk about how the faces show emotion, then make the most dramatic face you can.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art. Depicts violence or war.
Roman imperial sculpture
Augustus of Prima Porta
Unknown Roman sculptor · Early 1st century CE
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What it is: A marble statue of Rome’s first emperor as a commander.
Why it matters: A powerful example of art used as political image-making.
Where to see it: Vatican Museums, Rome
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Design a poster of yourself as a leader. What would you want people to think?
Ancient Indian Buddhist art
Ajanta Cave paintings
Buddhist monks and artists · c. 2nd century BCE–6th century CE
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What it is: Murals inside rock-cut caves telling stories of the Buddha’s lives.
Why it matters: Among the finest surviving ancient Indian paintings and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Where to see it: Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, India
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Tell a family story in four panels, like a comic strip on a wall.
Byzantine art
Mosaics of San Vitale
Byzantine mosaicists · c. 547 CE
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What it is: Glittering glass mosaics showing Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora with their courts.
Why it matters: Masterpieces of Byzantine art and power.
Where to see it: Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a mosaic from torn colored paper squares glued onto cardboard.
Insular (Celtic) illuminated manuscript
Book of Kells
Monks of Columba’s monasteries · c. 800 CE
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What it is: A richly decorated manuscript of the four Gospels with intricate knots and creatures.
Why it matters: One of the great treasures of medieval art.
Where to see it: Trinity College Library, Dublin
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Decorate the first letter of your name with knots, vines and tiny animals.
Romanesque embroidery
Bayeux Tapestry
Unknown embroiderers · 1070s
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What it is: An embroidered cloth about 70 meters long telling the story of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.
Why it matters: A medieval comic strip and an important historical record.
Where to see it: Bayeux Museum, France
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw a long scroll telling the story of a family trip, scene by scene.
Heads-up: Depicts violence or war.
Northern Song dynasty painting
Along the River During the Qingming Festival
Zhang Zeduan · 12th century
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What it is: A scroll over five meters long showing daily life in a busy Chinese city.
Why it matters: Famous for its detail: hundreds of people, boats, shops and animals.
Where to see it: Palace Museum, Beijing
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Unroll a long paper strip and draw your street, adding as many tiny people as you can.
Proto-Renaissance (late Gothic)
Giotto’s Scrovegni Chapel frescoes
Giotto di Bondone · c. 1305
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What it is: Frescoes telling the lives of Mary and Jesus, with a famous starry blue ceiling.
Why it matters: Giotto gave figures weight and emotion, a step toward the Renaissance.
Where to see it: Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, Italy
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Paint a ceiling-blue sky with gold star stickers and talk about how color sets a mood.
Early Netherlandish painting
Ghent Altarpiece
Hubert and Jan van Eyck · 1432
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What it is: A huge, many-paneled altarpiece painted in rich oil colors.
Why it matters: Showed the power of oil paint for detail and light.
Where to see it: St. Bavo’s Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a folding paper triptych with three connected pictures.
Early Netherlandish painting
Arnolfini Portrait
Jan van Eyck · 1434
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What it is: A couple in a room, with a round mirror reflecting the whole scene.
Why it matters: A landmark of oil painting detail and hidden symbols.
Where to see it: National Gallery, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Look into a spoon or round mirror and draw what you see reflected.
Early Renaissance sculpture
David (bronze)
Donatello · c. 1440s
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What it is: A bronze statue of the young David after defeating Goliath.
Why it matters: The first freestanding nude bronze since ancient times, a sign of classical ideas returning.
Where to see it: Bargello Museum, Florence
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Compare it with Michelangelo’s David later on this list. How did two artists show the same hero differently?
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
Early Renaissance
The Birth of Venus
Sandro Botticelli · c. 1484–86
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What it is: The goddess Venus arriving on a seashell, blown ashore by the winds.
Why it matters: A major work bringing ancient myths back into painting.
Where to see it: Uffizi Gallery, Florence
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Collect shells and invent a myth about where one came from.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
High Renaissance drawing
Vitruvian Man
Leonardo da Vinci · c. 1490
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What it is: A drawing of a man inside a circle and square, showing ideal body proportions.
Why it matters: Joins art, math and science, a hallmark of the Renaissance.
Where to see it: Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Measure arm span and height for everyone in the family. Are they close to equal?
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
High Renaissance
The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci · c. 1495–98
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What it is: A wall painting of Jesus and his disciples at the moment he says one will betray him.
Why it matters: Famous for its drama and perspective. Leonardo’s experimental paint began flaking soon after.
Where to see it: Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Find the point where all the lines meet, then draw a hallway using one vanishing point.
High Renaissance sculpture
Pietà
Michelangelo · 1498–99
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What it is: A marble sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after the crucifixion.
Why it matters: Carved when Michelangelo was in his early twenties; it’s the only work he signed.
Where to see it: St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Talk about how a sculptor can make hard stone look like soft fabric. Feel different fabrics, then try to draw their folds.
High Renaissance sculpture
David
Michelangelo · 1501–04
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What it is: A marble statue over five meters tall of the biblical hero before his fight.
Why it matters: Became a symbol of Florence and of human potential.
Where to see it: Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Carve a small figure from a bar of soap with a plastic knife.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
High Renaissance
Mona Lisa
Leonardo da Vinci · c. 1503–19
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What it is: A portrait of Lisa Gherardini with a famously mysterious smile.
Why it matters: Perhaps the most famous painting in the world. Its 1911 theft made it a global celebrity.
Where to see it: Louvre, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Take turns drawing each other with a “mystery smile” and guess what the person was thinking.
High Renaissance
Sistine Chapel ceiling
Michelangelo · 1508–12
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What it is: Hundreds of figures painted across a vast ceiling, including the Creation of Adam.
Why it matters: One of the greatest achievements in Western art, painted over four years.
Where to see it: Vatican City
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Tape paper under a table and draw lying on your back to feel what it was like.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
High Renaissance
The School of Athens
Raphael · 1509–11
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What it is: A fresco gathering the great thinkers of ancient Greece in a grand hall.
Why it matters: A celebration of learning and a model of balanced composition.
Where to see it: Vatican Museums
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: If you painted a room full of your heroes, who would be in it?
Early Netherlandish painting
The Garden of Earthly Delights
Hieronymus Bosch · c. 1490–1510
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What it is: A three-panel painting full of strange creatures and dreamlike scenes.
Why it matters: Its imagination later inspired the Surrealists.
Where to see it: Prado Museum, Madrid
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Invent and draw the strangest creature you can by combining three animals.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
Edo art of the Kingdom of Benin (present-day Nigeria)
Benin Bronzes
Guild artists of the Kingdom of Benin · Mainly 16th–19th centuries
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What it is: Thousands of cast brass plaques, heads and figures recording royal history and court life.
Why it matters: Masterpieces of metal casting. Many were taken by British forces in 1897, and their return is an ongoing international conversation.
Where to see it: Museums worldwide; some have been returned to Nigeria
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Look at how the plaques record history in pictures, then make a plaque about your family’s history from foil or clay.
Northern Renaissance printmaking
Rhinoceros
Albrecht Dürer · 1515
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What it is: A woodcut of a rhinoceros that Dürer never saw, drawn from a written description.
Why it matters: Shaped how Europeans pictured rhinos for centuries.
Where to see it: Prints in many museums, including the British Museum
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Describe an animal in words only and have your kid draw it without looking. Compare with a photo.
Safavid Persian carpet weaving
Ardabil Carpet
Maqsud of Kashan · 1539–40
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What it is: One of the world’s oldest dated carpets, with millions of knots in an intricate pattern.
Why it matters: A masterpiece of Islamic art and design.
Where to see it: Victoria and Albert Museum, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Design a symmetrical pattern on graph paper, then color it like a rug.
Northern Renaissance
Children’s Games
Pieter Bruegel the Elder · 1560
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What it is: A town square filled with children playing around 80 different games.
Why it matters: A rare look at everyday childhood in the 1500s.
Where to see it: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Find games you still play today, then try one together.
Mughal painting
Hamzanama
Artists of Emperor Akbar’s studio · c. 1562–77
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What it is: An illustrated adventure story originally with around 1,400 large paintings.
Why it matters: Helped define the Mughal painting style blending Persian and Indian traditions.
Where to see it: Folios in museums including the MAK, Vienna, and the V&A, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make up an adventure and illustrate one scene in bright colors.
Baroque
The Calling of Saint Matthew
Caravaggio · 1599–1600
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What it is: A beam of light falls across a dark room as Matthew is called.
Why it matters: Its dramatic light and shadow, called chiaroscuro, changed painting.
Where to see it: San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: In a dark room, light an object with a flashlight from different angles and draw the shadows.
Baroque sculpture
Apollo and Daphne
Gian Lorenzo Bernini · 1622–25
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What it is: A marble scene of Daphne turning into a laurel tree as Apollo reaches her.
Why it matters: Shows marble looking soft, light and in motion.
Where to see it: Galleria Borghese, Rome
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Act out a transformation in slow motion and freeze halfway.
Baroque
Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting
Artemisia Gentileschi · c. 1638–39
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What it is: The artist paints herself as the personification of painting.
Why it matters: Gentileschi succeeded in a male-dominated field and is now widely celebrated.
Where to see it: Royal Collection, United Kingdom
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw yourself as the symbol of something you love: soccer, music, science.
Dutch Golden Age
The Night Watch
Rembrandt van Rijn · 1642
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What it is: A large group portrait of a city militia bursting into motion.
Why it matters: Turned a group portrait into a lively scene with light and action.
Where to see it: Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Take a family photo where everyone is doing something, not just posing.
Spanish Golden Age (Baroque)
Las Meninas
Diego Velázquez · 1656
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What it is: A princess, her attendants and the painter himself, with the king and queen in a mirror.
Why it matters: Endlessly studied for its puzzle of who is looking at whom.
Where to see it: Prado Museum, Madrid
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Take a photo where you can see the photographer in a mirror. Who’s the subject?
Dutch Golden Age
Girl with a Pearl Earring
Johannes Vermeer · c. 1665
Read more ↓
What it is: A girl in a turban turning toward the viewer, with a glowing earring.
Why it matters: Famous for its light and mystery; we don’t know who she was.
Where to see it: Mauritshuis, The Hague
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Use window light to photograph each other turning to look over a shoulder.
Rococo
The Swing
Jean-Honoré Fragonard · 1767
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What it is: A young woman on a swing in a lush garden, her shoe flying off.
Why it matters: A defining image of playful Rococo style.
Where to see it: Wallace Collection, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Go to a park, swing, and draw the arc your feet make.
Neoclassicism
Oath of the Horatii
Jacques-Louis David · 1784
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What it is: Three brothers swear an oath to fight for Rome.
Why it matters: Its clear lines and strong message of duty became a model for Neoclassicism.
Where to see it: Louvre, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Talk about a promise your family keeps, and design a family motto.
Romanticism
The Third of May 1808
Francisco Goya · 1814
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What it is: Soldiers execute Spanish civilians during the Napoleonic invasion.
Why it matters: Considered one of the first modern images of the horrors of war.
Where to see it: Prado Museum, Madrid
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: For older kids: talk about how artists use their work to speak out.
Heads-up: Depicts violence or war.
Romanticism
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
Caspar David Friedrich · c. 1818
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What it is: A man stands on a rocky peak looking over a sea of fog.
Why it matters: An icon of Romantic awe at nature.
Where to see it: Hamburger Kunsthalle, Germany
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Hike to a viewpoint and sketch the view from behind someone, like the painting.
Romanticism
The Raft of the Medusa
Théodore Géricault · 1818–19
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What it is: Survivors of a real shipwreck on a raft, waving at a distant ship.
Why it matters: Turned a news scandal into a huge, dramatic painting.
Where to see it: Louvre, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Talk about how artists can tell true stories. What news story would you paint?
Heads-up: Depicts violence or war.
Romanticism (English landscape)
The Hay Wain
John Constable · 1821
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What it is: A horse-drawn cart crossing a stream in the English countryside.
Why it matters: Helped make everyday landscape a serious subject for painting.
Where to see it: National Gallery, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Paint outside, called painting en plein air, in a park or backyard.
Romanticism
Liberty Leading the People
Eugène Delacroix · 1830
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What it is: A woman representing Liberty leads people over a barricade in the 1830 revolution in Paris.
Why it matters: A lasting symbol of freedom and revolution.
Where to see it: Louvre, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Design a flag for an idea you believe in.
Heads-up: Depicts violence or war. Includes partial nudity.
Ukiyo-e woodblock print (Edo period Japan)
The Great Wave off Kanagawa
Katsushika Hokusai · c. 1831
Read more ↓
What it is: A towering wave curls over boats, with Mount Fuji in the distance.
Why it matters: Perhaps the most famous Japanese artwork; it deeply influenced European artists.
Where to see it: Impressions in many museums, including the Met and the British Museum
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a print with a potato stamp or foam tray and ink.
Early photography (daguerreotype)
Boulevard du Temple
Louis Daguerre · 1838
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What it is: A Paris street that looks empty because the exposure was so long.
Why it matters: Believed to include the first person ever photographed: a man having his shoes shined.
Where to see it: Original lost; reproductions widely published
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Try a long-exposure photo app at night and see what disappears.
Romanticism
The Fighting Temeraire
J. M. W. Turner · 1839
Read more ↓
What it is: An old warship is towed by a steam tug at sunset.
Why it matters: A glowing symbol of the old age giving way to the industrial age.
Where to see it: National Gallery, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Paint a sunset with watercolors, letting colors blend into each other.
Realism
A Burial at Ornans
Gustave Courbet · 1849–50
Read more ↓
What it is: A huge painting of an ordinary village funeral.
Why it matters: Shocked viewers by giving ordinary people the scale usually reserved for heroes.
Where to see it: Musée d’Orsay, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw an ordinary moment from your day as if it were a big event.
Realism
The Gleaners
Jean-François Millet · 1857
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What it is: Three women gather leftover grain after a harvest.
Why it matters: Gave dignity to rural laborers and stirred debate about poverty.
Where to see it: Musée d’Orsay, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Visit a farm or garden and talk about who grows the food we eat.
Ukiyo-e woodblock print
Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi Bridge
Utagawa Hiroshige · 1857
Read more ↓
What it is: People hurry across a bridge in slanting rain.
Why it matters: Van Gogh painted his own copy of it in 1887, a sign of Japan’s influence on Western art.
Where to see it: Impressions in many museums
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw rain using only lines, then compare with a friend’s version.
Impressionism
Impression, Sunrise
Claude Monet · 1872
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What it is: A hazy harbor at sunrise with quick brushstrokes and an orange sun.
Why it matters: A critic mocked its title, giving the Impressionist movement its name.
Where to see it: Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Paint the same view fast, in under 10 minutes, focusing on light rather than detail.
Impressionism
The Cradle
Berthe Morisot · 1872
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What it is: A mother watches over her sleeping baby.
Why it matters: Morisot was a founding member of the Impressionists and showed this at their first exhibition.
Where to see it: Musée d’Orsay, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Sketch someone sleeping or reading quietly.
Impressionism
Bal du moulin de la Galette
Pierre-Auguste Renoir · 1876
Read more ↓
What it is: A sunny Sunday dance in Paris, with dappled light through trees.
Why it matters: Captures the joy of modern city leisure.
Where to see it: Musée d’Orsay, Paris
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Notice dappled light under a tree and try to paint the spots of light.
Impressionism (sculpture)
Little Dancer Aged Fourteen
Edgar Degas · 1878–81
Read more ↓
What it is: A wax sculpture of a young ballet student, with a real fabric tutu and hair ribbon.
Why it matters: Its realism and mixed materials shocked viewers in 1881.
Where to see it: National Gallery of Art, Washington (original wax)
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a pipe-cleaner figure and dress it with real fabric scraps.
Realism / Impressionism
A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
Édouard Manet · 1882
Read more ↓
What it is: A barmaid stands in front of a mirror reflecting a crowded hall.
Why it matters: Manet’s last major work, puzzling viewers with its impossible mirror reflection.
Where to see it: Courtauld Gallery, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Set up a mirror and draw what’s reflected. Does it match what’s in front of it?
Pointillism (Neo-Impressionism)
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
Georges Seurat · 1884–86
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What it is: A park scene made entirely of tiny dots of color.
Why it matters: Applied color science to painting, creating a new technique.
Where to see it: Art Institute of Chicago
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a picture using only cotton-swab dots.
Modern sculpture
The Thinker
Auguste Rodin · Conceived 1880
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What it is: A seated man deep in thought, made for a larger work about Dante.
Why it matters: One of the most recognized sculptures in the world.
Where to see it: Musée Rodin, Paris, and casts worldwide
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Strike the pose, then ask: what’s the biggest question you think about?
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
Post-Impressionism
Mont Sainte-Victoire series
Paul Cézanne · 1880s–1906
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What it is: Dozens of paintings of the same mountain built from blocks of color.
Why it matters: His approach to shapes paved the way for Cubism.
Where to see it: Museums worldwide
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw the same tree or building every week for a month and compare.
Post-Impressionism
Sunflowers
Vincent van Gogh · 1888
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What it is: Sunflowers in a vase painted in thick, bright yellows.
Why it matters: Painted to decorate a room for Gauguin; now among the most loved paintings.
Where to see it: National Gallery, London, and other museums
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Buy sunflowers and paint them with thick paint or crayons.
Post-Impressionism
The Starry Night
Vincent van Gogh · 1889
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What it is: A swirling night sky over a sleeping village.
Why it matters: Painted from memory while he was in a hospital in Saint-Rémy; a symbol of imagination and feeling.
Where to see it: Museum of Modern Art, New York
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Go outside at night, then paint the sky the way it feels, not the way it looks.
Expressionism (early)
The Scream
Edvard Munch · 1893
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What it is: A figure on a bridge clutches its face under a blood-red sky.
Why it matters: A universal symbol of anxiety. Munch made several versions.
Where to see it: National Museum, Oslo
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Talk about a big feeling and draw it using only colors and lines.
Impressionism
The Child’s Bath
Mary Cassatt · 1893
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What it is: A mother washes her child’s feet, seen from above.
Why it matters: Cassatt, an American in Paris, made everyday care a serious subject, influenced by Japanese prints.
Where to see it: Art Institute of Chicago
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw an everyday moment of caring for someone.
Fauvism
Woman with a Hat
Henri Matisse · 1905
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What it is: A portrait in wild, unnatural colors.
Why it matters: Shown in 1905, it helped earn the group the name “fauves,” or wild beasts.
Where to see it: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Paint a portrait using only “wrong” colors, like a green face and purple hair.
Early abstraction
The Ten Largest
Hilma af Klint · 1907
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What it is: Ten huge paintings of colorful shapes representing the stages of life.
Why it matters: Painted years before abstraction became famous; she asked they not be shown until long after her death.
Where to see it: Hilma af Klint Foundation, Stockholm
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a painting with no objects in it, just shapes that represent your age.
Vienna Secession (Art Nouveau)
The Kiss
Gustav Klimt · 1907–08
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What it is: An embracing couple wrapped in patterned gold.
Why it matters: An icon of Art Nouveau, using real gold leaf.
Where to see it: Belvedere Museum, Vienna
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Decorate a drawing with gold foil, glitter or metallic markers.
Proto-Cubism
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
Pablo Picasso · 1907
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What it is: Five figures broken into sharp, angular shapes.
Why it matters: A radical break that opened the door to Cubism.
Where to see it: Museum of Modern Art, New York
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw a face from the front and the side at the same time.
Heads-up: Includes nudity, as is common in classical art.
Analytic Cubism
Violin and Candlestick
Georges Braque · 1910
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What it is: A violin and candlestick broken into overlapping planes.
Why it matters: Braque and Picasso developed Cubism together.
Where to see it: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Cut a photo into pieces and rearrange them into a new picture.
Abstract art (Der Blaue Reiter / Expressionism)
Composition VII
Wassily Kandinsky · 1913
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What it is: An explosion of color and line with no recognizable objects.
Why it matters: Kandinsky linked painting to music and helped launch abstract art.
Where to see it: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Play music and paint along with it. What color is a drum? A violin?
Suprematism
Black Square
Kazimir Malevich · 1915
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What it is: A black square on a white background.
Why it matters: A radical statement that art didn’t need to show anything recognizable.
Where to see it: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Talk about it: is it art? Why or why not? There’s no wrong answer.
Dada
Fountain
Marcel Duchamp · 1917
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What it is: A store-bought urinal, signed “R. Mutt” and submitted as art.
Why it matters: Challenged the very definition of art, a turning point for conceptual art.
Where to see it: Original lost; replicas in several museums
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Pick an everyday object, give it a title, and present it as art. Debate it.
Modernist sculpture
Bird in Space
Constantin Brâncuși · 1923 onward (several versions)
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What it is: A smooth, polished form suggesting flight, not a bird’s shape.
Why it matters: U.S. customs once refused to call it art, leading to a 1928 court case.
Where to see it: Museum of Modern Art, New York, and other museums
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a sculpture that shows a feeling, like speed, instead of an object.
Surrealism
The Treachery of Images
René Magritte · 1929
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What it is: A painted pipe with the words “This is not a pipe” in French.
Why it matters: A famous puzzle about images versus real things.
Where to see it: Los Angeles County Museum of Art
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw an object and label it with what it isn’t. Talk about why that’s funny and true.
De Stijl
Composition II in Red, Blue and Yellow
Piet Mondrian · 1930
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What it is: Black grid lines with blocks of primary colors.
Why it matters: Its simple geometry influenced design, fashion and architecture.
Where to see it: Kunsthaus Zürich
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a grid with black tape on paper and fill some boxes with red, blue and yellow.
Regionalism
American Gothic
Grant Wood · 1930
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What it is: A farmer and a woman stand before a farmhouse; the models were the artist’s sister and his dentist.
Why it matters: One of the most parodied images in American art.
Where to see it: Art Institute of Chicago
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Re-create the pose with your kids and a kitchen fork for a family photo.
Surrealism
The Persistence of Memory
Salvador Dalí · 1931
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What it is: Melting pocket watches in a dreamlike landscape.
Why it matters: An icon of Surrealism and the strangeness of time.
Where to see it: Museum of Modern Art, New York
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw a dream you remember, with at least one thing melting or floating.
American Modernism
Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1
Georgia O’Keeffe · 1932
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What it is: A giant close-up of a white flower.
Why it matters: O’Keeffe’s enlarged flowers changed how people looked at nature; it set an auction record for a woman artist in 2014.
Where to see it: Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Arkansas
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Look at a flower with a magnifying glass, then draw it so big it fills the page.
Mexican Muralism
Detroit Industry Murals
Diego Rivera · 1932–33
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What it is: Twenty-seven panels showing workers and machines in Detroit’s auto plants.
Why it matters: A major work of mural art celebrating labor and industry.
Where to see it: Detroit Institute of Arts
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw a mural of the jobs people in your family do.
Documentary photography
Migrant Mother
Dorothea Lange · 1936
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What it is: A worried mother with her children during the Great Depression.
Why it matters: Became the defining image of the Depression and showed photography’s power to inform.
Where to see it: Library of Congress
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Look at the photo together and talk about what it tells us about that time.
Cubism / anti-war art
Guernica
Pablo Picasso · 1937
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What it is: A huge black-and-white painting of the bombing of a Spanish town.
Why it matters: One of the most powerful anti-war artworks ever made.
Where to see it: Museo Reina Sofía, Madrid
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: For older kids: talk about how art can respond to world events.
Heads-up: Depicts violence or war.
Kinetic art (mobile)
Lobster Trap and Fish Tail
Alexander Calder · 1939
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What it is: A hanging sculpture of balanced shapes that move with the air.
Why it matters: Calder invented the mobile, bringing motion into sculpture.
Where to see it: Museum of Modern Art, New York
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Build a mobile from a coat hanger, string and paper shapes.
Mexican modernism (associated with Surrealism)
The Two Fridas
Frida Kahlo · 1939
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What it is: Two versions of the artist sit side by side, holding hands.
Why it matters: Kahlo’s self-portraits explored identity, culture and pain.
Where to see it: Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw two versions of yourself: one at home and one at school.
Heads-up: Shows exposed hearts.
American Modernism / Harlem Renaissance
The Migration Series
Jacob Lawrence · 1940–41
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What it is: Sixty panels telling the story of the Great Migration of Black Americans from the South.
Why it matters: A landmark of storytelling in a series.
Where to see it: Museum of Modern Art, New York, and the Phillips Collection, Washington
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Tell your family’s story in six small panels with a caption for each.
Landscape photography
Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico
Ansel Adams · 1941
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What it is: A moon rises over a small village and its white crosses.
Why it matters: One of the most famous photographs ever made, taken with only seconds to spare.
Where to see it: Prints in many museums
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Go out at moonrise and try to photograph the moon over your neighborhood.
American Realism
Nighthawks
Edward Hopper · 1942
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What it is: People sit in a brightly lit diner late at night, seen through the window.
Why it matters: An enduring image of city loneliness.
Where to see it: Art Institute of Chicago
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Visit a diner and draw the scene. Make up stories about the people inside.
Abstract Expressionism
Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)
Jackson Pollock · 1950
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What it is: Layers of dripped and poured paint across a huge canvas.
Why it matters: Pollock’s drip method made the act of painting itself the subject.
Where to see it: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Outdoors, drip watered-down paint onto a big sheet with sticks.
Late Modernism (paper cut-outs)
The Snail
Henri Matisse · 1953
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What it is: Cut and painted paper shapes arranged in a spiral.
Why it matters: Made when Matisse, mostly unable to stand, “drew with scissors.”
Where to see it: Tate Modern, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Paint paper, cut big shapes and arrange them into a spiral.
Pop Art
Campbell’s Soup Cans
Andy Warhol · 1962
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What it is: Thirty-two canvases, each showing a different soup flavor.
Why it matters: Brought everyday products and mass production into fine art.
Where to see it: Museum of Modern Art, New York
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw your favorite snack package as if it were in a museum.
Pop Art
Whaam!
Roy Lichtenstein · 1963
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What it is: A comic-book fighter jet firing a missile, in bright colors and dots.
Why it matters: Pop Art borrowed from comics and ads to question what counts as art.
Where to see it: Tate Modern, London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw a comic panel using only dots for shading.
Heads-up: Depicts violence or war.
Installation art
Infinity Mirror Rooms
Yayoi Kusama · 1965 onward
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What it is: Mirrored rooms filled with lights or dots that seem to go on forever.
Why it matters: Kusama’s immersive rooms are among the most popular artworks today.
Where to see it: Museums worldwide
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Place two mirrors facing each other and look into the “infinity.”
Abstract Expressionism (Color Field)
Rothko Chapel
Mark Rothko · 1971
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What it is: Fourteen large dark paintings in a quiet, nondenominational chapel.
Why it matters: A space for reflection built around abstract art.
Where to see it: Rothko Chapel, Houston
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Sit quietly in front of one color for a minute. How does it make you feel?
Neo-Expressionism
Untitled (Skull)
Jean-Michel Basquiat · 1981
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What it is: A large head that looks like a skull and a face at once, full of energetic marks.
Why it matters: Basquiat rose from street art to the top of the art world.
Where to see it: The Broad, Los Angeles
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Draw a self-portrait mixing words, symbols and colors.
Story quilt
Tar Beach
Faith Ringgold · 1988
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What it is: A painted quilt about a girl who dreams of flying over Harlem from her rooftop.
Why it matters: Joined painting, quilting and storytelling; it also became a picture book.
Where to see it: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a paper quilt square that tells one memory.
Contemporary Aboriginal Australian art
Earth’s Creation
Emily Kame Kngwarreye · 1994
Read more ↓
What it is: A huge canvas of dense, colorful dots and marks.
Why it matters: Kngwarreye began painting on canvas in her late seventies and became one of Australia’s most celebrated artists.
Where to see it: Private collection
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Paint a landscape you love using only dots and dabs.
Contemporary sculpture
Maman
Louise Bourgeois · 1999
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What it is: A giant bronze spider over nine meters tall, a tribute to the artist’s mother.
Why it matters: Turned a creature people fear into a protective symbol.
Where to see it: Casts outside museums including the Guggenheim Bilbao
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a sculpture of an animal that represents someone you love.
Street art
Girl with Balloon
Banksy · 2002
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What it is: A stenciled girl reaching for a red heart balloon.
Why it matters: When a framed version shredded itself at auction in 2018, it became world news.
Where to see it: Originally a mural in London
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a simple stencil from cardstock and spray or sponge paint through it.
Environmental art
The Gates
Christo and Jeanne-Claude · 2005
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What it is: Thousands of saffron fabric gates lining Central Park’s paths.
Why it matters: Showed how temporary art can transform a familiar place.
Where to see it: Central Park, New York (temporary; removed after 16 days)
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make a temporary art piece in your yard with leaves or chalk, then photograph it.
Conceptual art / installation
Sunflower Seeds
Ai Weiwei · 2010
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What it is: About 100 million handmade porcelain seeds spread across a gallery floor.
Why it matters: Explores mass production and individual effort; each seed was made by hand.
Where to see it: Tate Modern, London (and other museums)
See images and gallery details ↗Explore on Google Arts & Culture ↗
Try it together: Make 20 small clay beads by hand. Talk about how long 100 million would take.